The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised in 2005 by
Philippe Bouchet
Philippe Bouchet (born 1953) is a French biologist whose primary scientific fields of study are malacology (the study of molluscs) and taxonomy. He works at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. He is also a Commissioner of the ...
and
Jean-Pierre Rocroi is a system for the scientific
classification Classification is a process related to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood.
Classification is the grouping of related facts into classes.
It may also refer to:
Business, organizat ...
of
gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
s. (Gastropods are a
taxonomic
Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification.
A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...
class
Class or The Class may refer to:
Common uses not otherwise categorized
* Class (biology), a taxonomic rank
* Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects
* Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differentl ...
of animals which consists of
snail
A snail is, in loose terms, a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gastro ...
s and
slug
Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a smal ...
s of every kind, from the land, from
freshwater
Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include ...
, and from
saltwater.) The paper setting out this taxonomy was published in the journal ''
Malacologia''. The system encompasses both living and extinct groups, as well as some fossils whose classification as gastropods is uncertain.
The Bouchet & Rocroi system was the first complete gastropod taxonomy that primarily employed the concept of
clades
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, t ...
, and was derived from research on
molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
; in this context a clade is a "natural grouping" of organisms based upon a statistical
cluster analysis
Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some sense) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters). It is a main task of ...
. In contrast, most of the previous overall taxonomic schemes for gastropods relied on
morphological features to classify these animals, and used
taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...
ranks such as
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...
, superorder and suborder, which are typical of classifications that are still inspired by
Linnaean taxonomy
Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:
# The particular form of biological classification (taxonomy) set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his ''Systema Naturae'' (1735) and subsequent works. In the taxonomy of Linnaeus t ...
.
In the Bouchet & Rocroi taxonomy, clades are used between the rank of
class
Class or The Class may refer to:
Common uses not otherwise categorized
* Class (biology), a taxonomic rank
* Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects
* Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differentl ...
and the rank of
superfamily
SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...
. The clades are unranked. Bouchet and Rocroi use six main clades:
Patellogastropoda,
Vetigastropoda,
Cocculiniformia
The Cocculinoidea is a superfamily of deepwater limpets (marine gastropods), the only superfamily in the order Cocculinida , one of the main orders of gastropods according to the taxonomy as set up by ( Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The clade Coccil ...
,
Neritimorpha,
Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The clade is the most diverse and ecologically successfu ...
, and
Heterobranchia. The first three of these major clades have no nesting clades within them: the taxonomy goes immediately to the superfamily level. Within the Caenogastropoda there is one extra clade. In contrast, within the Heterobranchia, for some of the
nudibranch groups there are six separate clades above the level of superfamily, and in the case of most of the
land snail
A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known as ...
s, there are four clades above the level of superfamily.
In some parts of the taxonomy, instead of "clade", Bouchet and Rocroi labelled groupings of taxa as a "group" or an "informal group". A clade must by definition contain only one lineage, and it was considered to be the case that these "informal groups" may either contain more than one lineage, or only contain part of a lineage. Further research will eventually resolve these questions. Since the publication of this taxonomic system in 2005, various proposals for changes have been published by other authors, for more information see
changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005
This overview lists proposed changes in the taxonomy of gastropods at the family level and above since 2005, when the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) was published. In other words, these are recent updates in the way various ...
.
In 2017 this taxonomy was superseded by a revised taxonomy "Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families" by Philippe Bouchet & Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong in Malacologia, 2017, 61(1–2): 1–526. The authors have reverted to adopting the traditional ranks above superfamily: order, subclass, as this was preferred by many users.
Context
Systems of classification such as this one are primarily of value to
malacologists (people who study mollusks) and other
biologist
A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology. Biologists are interested in studying life on Earth, whether it is an individual Cell (biology), cell, a multicellular organism, or a Community (ecology), community of Biological inter ...
s. Biological classification schemes are not merely a convenience, they are an attempt to show the actual
phylogeny
A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...
(the
evolutionary
Evolution is change in the heredity, heritable Phenotypic trait, characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the Gene expression, expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to ...
relatedness) within a group of
organism
In biology, an organism () is any living system that functions as an individual entity. All organisms are composed of cells (cell theory). Organisms are classified by taxonomy into groups such as multicellular animals, plants, and ...
s. Thus, a taxonomy such as this one can be seen as an attempt to elucidate part of the
tree of life
The tree of life is a fundamental archetype in many of the world's mythological, religious, and philosophical traditions. It is closely related to the concept of the sacred tree.Giovino, Mariana (2007). ''The Assyrian Sacred Tree: A History ...
, a
phylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...
.
The Bouchet & Rocroi 2005 system of gastropod
taxonomy
Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification.
A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...
was laid out in a book-length paper entitled "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families", which was published in the journal ''
Malacologia''
[
] and which was written in collaboration with J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf,
W. Ponder, Á. Valdés and A. Warén. This system supersedes the system of
Ponder and Lindberg from 1997.
Subsequent revisions by other authors have been made since the publication of this paper.
The taxonomy set out by Bouchet & Rocroi is an attempt to get one step closer to representing this part of the
evolutionary history of the phylum Mollusca. Bouchet & Rocroi's classification system is a hybrid of the pre-existing, more traditional
Linnaean taxonomy
Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:
# The particular form of biological classification (taxonomy) set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his ''Systema Naturae'' (1735) and subsequent works. In the taxonomy of Linnaeus t ...
along with some more recent far-reaching revisions which are based on molecular work and use
clades
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, t ...
as
taxa, (see
cladistics
Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...
). In the past, the taxonomy of gastropods was largely based on the
morphological characters of the taxa, such as the
shell characteristics (including the
protoconch
A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called ...
) in shelled species, and the internal
anatomy
Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its ...
, including the structure of the
radula
The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...
and details of the
reproductive system
The reproductive system of an organism, also known as the genital system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are als ...
. Recent advances are based more on the
molecular
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...
characteristics of the
DNA and
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) are nucleic acids. Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydra ...
. This shift in emphasis has meant that the newer taxa and their hierarchy are subject to debate, a debate that is not likely to be resolved soon.
This proposed classification has tried to integrate the results of recent molecular work by using unranked
clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
s for taxa below the traditional rank of class (class Gastropoda) but above the rank of
superfamily
SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...
(replacing the ranks subclass, superorder, order, and suborder), while still using the traditional
Linnaean ranks for superfamilies and all taxa below the rank of superfamily (i.e., family, subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus, and species. The clades have been given names which are similar to, or in some cases the same as, traditional Linnaean names for taxa above the level of superfamily. Whenever
monophyly
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic grou ...
(a single ancestry) has not yet been tested and confirmed, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has already been discovered to be
paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...
(that it excludes some of its descendants) the term "group" or "informal group" has been used. Both Linnaean taxa and clades are invalid if it turns out they are
polyphyletic, in other words if they consist of more than one lineage.
In this taxonomy 611 valid families are recognized. Of these, 202 families are exclusively
fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...
, and this is indicated here with a dagger †. Superfamily names are standardized so that they all end in the suffix "-oidea", also commonly used for superorders and subclasses, replacing the "-acea" ending found especially in the older literature. Classification of families into subfamilies however is often not well resolved, and should be regarded as the best possible
hypothesis
A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous obse ...
.
The publication Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)
also includes a
nomenclator
Nomenclator may refer to:
*''Nomenclator omnium rerum propria nomina variis linguis explicata indicans'', 16th century book written by Hadrianus Junius
*Nomenclator, in cryptography, a kind of substitution cypher
*Nomenclator (nomenclature) as a ...
of about 2400 suprageneric taxa (taxa above the level of
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
) of gastropods, from the subtribe to the superfamily. A full bibliographic reference is provided for each taxon, giving the name of the authority, the original publication, the date of that publication, the type genus for the taxon, its nomenclatural status, and its validity under the rules of the
ICZN
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the I ...
.
Since the publication of this taxonomic system in 2005, various changes have been published by other authors, for more information see
changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005
This overview lists proposed changes in the taxonomy of gastropods at the family level and above since 2005, when the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) was published. In other words, these are recent updates in the way various ...
.
Main clades, groups and informal groups
Here the information is displayed in the form of a
cladogram (an evolutionary tree of descent.) It is worth bearing in mind however that this taxonomy is provisional: many of the taxa are still only known as "groups" or "informal groups", and these are very likely to be changed as more information becomes available.
This cladogram is based on the following information. The list format used below makes clear which taxa are informal groups rather than clades:
* Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain systematic position
* Clade
Patellogastropoda
* Clade
Vetigastropoda
* Clade
Cocculiniformia
The Cocculinoidea is a superfamily of deepwater limpets (marine gastropods), the only superfamily in the order Cocculinida , one of the main orders of gastropods according to the taxonomy as set up by ( Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The clade Coccil ...
* Clade
Neritimorpha
**Paleozoic Neritimorpha of uncertain systematic position
**Clade †
Cyrtoneritimorpha
Cyrtoneritimorpha, also Cyrtoneritida, is a clade of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Neritimorpha
Neritimorpha is a taxonomic grouping, an unranked major clade of snails, gastropod mollusks. This grouping ...
**Clade
Cycloneritimorpha
Cycloneritida (nerites and false-limpets) is an order of land snails, freshwater snails, and sea snails.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cycloneritida. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...
* Clade
Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The clade is the most diverse and ecologically successfu ...
**Caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position
**Informal group
Architaenioglossa
Architaenioglossa is a taxonomic group of snails which have gills and often an operculum. They are primarily land and freshwater gastropod mollusks within the clade Caenogastropoda.
This " informal group" has been shown to be polyphyletic in a s ...
**Clade
Sorbeoconcha
Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda.
The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997.
Taxonomy
1 ...
**Clade
Hypsogastropoda
Hypsogastropoda is a clade containing marine gastropods within the clade Caenogastropoda. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Hypsogastropoda. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=t ...
***Clade
Littorinimorpha
***Informal group
Ptenoglossa
The Ptenoglossa is an informal taxonomic group of sea snails.
This group was considered paraphyletic or polyphyletic by Ponder and Lindberg (1997) in their classification of gastropod molluscs.
The database WoRMS considers this suborder as b ...
***Clade
Neogastropoda
Neogastropoda is an order of sea snails, both freshwater and marine gastropod molluscs.
Description
The available fossil record of Neogastropoda is relatively complete, and supports a widely accepted evolutionary scenario of an Early Creta ...
*Clade
Heterobranchia
**Informal group
Lower Heterobranchia
**Informal group
Opisthobranchia
Opisthobranchs () is now an informal name for a large and diverse group of specialized complex gastropods which used to be united in the subclass Opisthobranchia. That taxon is no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping.
Euopisth ...
***Clade
Cephalaspidea
***Clade
Thecosomata
***Clade
Gymnosomata
***Clade
Aplysiomorpha
The clade Anaspidea, commonly known as sea hares (''Aplysia'' species and related genera), are medium-sized to very large opisthobranch gastropod molluscs with a soft internal shell made of protein. These are marine gastropod molluscs in the s ...
***Group
Acochlidiacea
***Clade
Sacoglossa
***Group
Cylindrobullida
''Cylindrobulla'' is a genus of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa.
''Cylindrobulla'' is the type genus of the family Cylindrobullidae and it is the only genus in the family.
Taxonomy
The subord ...
***Clade
Umbraculida
***Clade
Nudipleura
****Clade
Pleurobranchomorpha
The Pleurobranchidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Pleurobranchomorpha.
Characteristics
Species in the family Pleurobranchidae have a prominent mantle and an internal shell that becomes reduced ...
****Clade
Nudibranchia
*****Clade
Euctenidiacea
*****Clade
Dexiarchia
******Clade
Pseudoeuctenidiacea
Doridoxidae, commonly known as doridoxid nudibranchs, are a small, enigmatic taxonomic family of shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia within the clade Nudibranchia.
Doridoxidae is currently the only family ...
******Clade
Cladobranchia
*******Clade
Euarminida
*******Clade
Dendronotida
Dendronotoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, aeolid nudibranchs. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.mar ...
*******Clade
Aeolidida
The Aeolidida is a taxonomic clade of sea slugs, specifically aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia.
They are distinguished from other nudibranchs by their possession of cerata containing cnidosacs.
Taxonomy
* ...
**Informal group
Pulmonata
Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...
***Informal group
Basommatophora
Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), w ...
***Clade
Eupulmonata
Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions.
Linnean taxonomy
*Suborder Eupulmonat ...
****Clade
Systellommatophora
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchi ...
****Clade
Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification ...
*****Clade
Elasmognatha
*****Clade
Orthurethra
Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subcla ...
*****Informal group
Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs.
The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a ...
Taxonomy
In the following, more detailed list, indentation is used only for the ranks of superfamily and family. The clade names are not indented, but their hierarchy is indicated by the size of the font used. A clearer sense of the hierarchy of the clades can be drawn from the list immediately above this one.
Paleozoic
The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon.
The name ''Paleozoic'' ( ;) was coined by the British geologist Adam Sedgwick in 1838
by combining the Greek words ''palaiós'' (, "old") and ' ...
molluscs of uncertain systematic position
(Existing as
fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...
s only)
Uncertain position (Gastropoda or
Monoplacophora
Monoplacophora , meaning "bearing one plate", is a polyphyletic superclass of molluscs with a cap-like shell inhabiting deep sea environments . Extant representatives were not recognized as such until 1952; previously they were known only from ...
)
* unassigned to superfamily
** †
Khairkhaniidae
** †
Ladamarekiidae
** †
Metoptomatidae
** †
Patelliconidae
** †
Protoconchoididae
*
Archinacelloidea
†Archinacelloidea is an extinct superfamily of paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position (Gastropoda or Monoplacophora
Monoplacophora , meaning "bearing one plate", is a polyphyletic superclass of molluscs with a cap-like shell inhabiting de ...
** †
Archinacellidae
†Archinacellidae is an extinct family of paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position (Gastropoda or Monoplacophora).
Description
These are cap-shaped fossil shells.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Bouchet P. ...
** †
Archaeopragidae
†Archaeopragidae is an extinct family of paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position (Gastropoda or Monoplacophora).
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Pond ...
*
Pelagielloidea
Pelagielloidea is an extinct superfamily of Paleozoic fossil molluscs of uncertain position, either ( Gastropoda or Monoplacophora).
Families
Families in the superfamily Pelagielloidea:
* † Pelagiellidae
* † Aldanellidae
Aldanellidae ...
** †
Pelagiellidae
Pelagiellidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic fossil 'snails'. Some material assigned to this taxon represents gastropod molluscs, but some chaeta-bearing specimens first assigned to ''Pelagiella'' (now '' Pseudopelagiella'') are perhaps bett ...
** †
Aldanellidae
Aldanellidae is an extinct family of paleozoic molluscs that have been assigned to the Gastropod stem group but may also belong to a paraphyletic "Monoplacophora".
Occurrence
In the upper Nemakit-Daldyninan, and possibly earlier in Mongolia.
...
*
Scenelloidea
Scenelloidea is an extinct superfamily of paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position ( Gastropoda, Helcionelloida, or Monoplacophora).
Families
Based on the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) families in the Scenelloidea i ...
** †
Scenellidae
''Scenella'' is an extinct genus of fossil invertebrate animal which is generally considered to be a mollusc; at various times it has been suggested that this genus belongs with the gastropods, the monoplacophorans, or the helcionellids, altho ...
** †
Coreospiridae
Coreospiridae is an extinct family of Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position taxonomically. They might be snails ( Gastropoda), Helcionelloida, or they might be Monoplacophora.
2005 taxonomy
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & R ...
** †
Igarkiellidae
''Igarkiella'' is an extinct genus of trilobite containing a single described species ''Igarkiella igarkaensis''. The species is known from fossils dating to 505 to 501 million years ago during the Cambrian Period
The Cambrian Period ( ; so ...
*
Yochelcionelloidea
Yochelcionelloidea is an extinct superfamily of paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position ( Gastropoda or Monoplacophora). The earliest yochelcionellids are known from the Middle Tommotian, but they are most diverse from the Botomian through the ...
** †
Yochelcionellidae
''Yochelcionella'' is an extinct genus of basal molluscs which lived during the Tommotian epoch, the first epoch of the Cambrian period. This genus is often reconstructed to resemble snails.
''Yochelcionella'' is the type genus of the family ...
** †
Stenothecidae
Stenothecidae is an extinct family of fossil univalved Cambrian molluscs which may be either gastropods or monoplacophorans.
The name of this taxon should not be confused with that of the class Stenothecoida, a group of problematic Cambrian ...
** †
Trenellidae
''Trenella'' is the sole genus in the Trenellidae, an extinct family of paleozoic Yochelcionellids.
2005 taxonomy
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Val ...
With isostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (Gastropoda or Monoplacophora)
** †
Bucanellidae
Bucanellidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position, belonging either to Gastropoda (snails) or Monoplacophora. The family lived from the upper Cambrian to middle Permian and the shells are characterized by a relatively ...
** †
Bucaniidae
Bucaniidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position possibly being either gastropods or monoplacophorans in the superfamily Bellerophontoidea. The family lived from the Lower Ordovician to the Devonian and have shells in ...
** †
Euphemitidae
Euphemitidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic fossil molluscs of uncertain position. They have isostrophically coiled shells and may be either Gastropoda sea (snail)s, or Monoplacophora.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & R ...
** †
Pterothecidae
Pterothecidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position, either Gastropoda or Monoplacophora, with isostrophically coiled shells.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P ...
** †
Sinuitidae
Sinuitidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position (they were either Gastropoda or Monoplacophora). They had isostrophically coiled shells.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Bouchet P. & ...
** †
Tremanotidae
Tremanotidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic fossil molluscs with isostrophically coiled shells. They occupy an uncertain position taxonomically: it is not known whether they were (gastropods (snails) or monoplacophorans.
Taxonomy
The taxon ...
** †
Tropidodiscidae
Tropidodiscidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic fossil molluscs with isostrophically coiled shells. They are of uncertain position taxonomically, in other words it is not known whether they were (Gastropoda (snails) or Monoplacophora)s.
Taxon ...
With anisostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (Gastropoda?)
*
Euomphaloidea
Euomphaloidea, originally Euomphalacea, is an extinct superfamily of marine molluscs that lived from the Early Ordovician to the Late Cretaceous, included in the Gastropoda Moore R. C., Lalicker & Fischer (1952). ''Invertebrate Fossils''. McGraw ...
** †
Euomphalidae
Euomphalidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic to early Mesozoic marine molluscs which may be gastropods with anisostrophically coiled shells (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
The shells show a selenizone ...
** †
Helicotomidae
Helicotomidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic molluscs (gastropods?) with anisostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (Gastropoda?) (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Taxonomy
The taxonomy o ...
** †
Lesueurillidae
Lesueurillidae is an extinct family of paleozoic molluscs (gastropods?) with anisostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (Gastropoda?) (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Taxonomy
The taxonomy ...
** †
Omphalocirridae
Omphalocirridae is an extinct family of Paleozoic molluscs (gastropods?) with anisostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (Gastropoda?) (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Taxonomy
The taxonomy ...
** †
Omphalotrochidae
Omphalotrochidae is an extinct taxonomic family of Paleozoic molluscs (gastropods?) with anisostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (Gastropoda?) (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Taxonomy
Th ...
*
Macluritoidea
The Macluritoidea, or Macluritacea as it was originally spelled, is a superfamily of hyperstrophically coiled, Upper Cambrian to Devonian, archaeogastropods,Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part I, Mollusca 1. R.C. Moore (ed); Geol Soc o ...
** †
Macluritidae
Macluritidae is an extinct family of relatively large, Lower Ordovician to Devonian, macluritacean gastropods(?), hypserstrophically coiled, that is dextral while appearing sinsitral, of which the genus '' Maclurites'' is arch-typical. The base ...
Basal taxa that are certainly Gastropoda
(existing as fossils only)
* unassigned to superfamily
** †
Anomphalidae
The Anomphalidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. These are archaeogastropods which are included in the suborder Trochina. The Anomphalidae lived during the Paleozoic, from the Silurian to the Middle Permian. ...
** †
Codonocheilidae
** †
Crassimarginatidae
** †
Holopeidae
†Holopeidae is an extinct family of paleozoic gastropod mollusks.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Holopeidae Cossmann, 1908 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails& ...
** †
Isospiridae
** †
Opisthonematidae
** †
Paraturbinidae
** †
Planitrochidae
** †
Pragoserpulinidae
** †
Pseudophoridae
** †
Raphistomatidae
The †Raphistomatidae is a taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, Paleozoic marine gastropod mollusks. This family was established by Koken in 1896. This family is found in the fossil record from the Upper Cambrian to the Middle Permian.
D ...
** †
Rhytidopilidae
** †
Scoliostomatidae
** †
Sinuopeidae
Sinuopeidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, Paleozoic gastropod mollusks.
This family is unassigned to superfamily. This family consists of three following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, ...
*
Clisospiroidea
** †
Clisospiridae
** †
Onychochilidae
*
Loxonematoidea
Loxonematoidea is an extinct taxonomic superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs, belonging to the Murchisoniinae.
References
Prehistoric gastropods
{{paleo-gastropod-stub ...
** †
Loxonematidae
Loxonematidae is an extinct taxonomic family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain t ...
** †
Palaeozygopleuridae
Palaeozygopleuridae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs.
This family has no subfamilies.
Genera
Genera within the family Palaeozygopleuridae include:
* '' Palaeozygopleura'' Horný, 1955
*** '' ...
*
Ophiletoidea
** †
Ophiletidae
*
Straparollinoidea
** †
Straparollinidae
*
Trochonematoidea
** †
Trochonematidae
** †
Lophospiridae
Lophospiridae is an extinct taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusc
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,0 ...
Clade Patellogastropoda
*Superfamily
Patelloidea
**Family
Patellidae
Patellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails or true limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Patellogastropoda.
(The superfamily Patelloidea should not be confused with the similar-sounding genus of true limpets ''Patelloida'' which ...
*Superfamily
Nacelloidea
**Family
Nacellidae
Nacellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails or true limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the subclass Patellogastropoda.
Taxonomy
Nacellidae was the only family in the superfamily Nacelloidea as described by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005),. H ...
*Superfamily
Lottioidea
**Family
Lottiidae
Lottiidae is a family of sea snails, specifically true limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Lottioidea and the clade Patellogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Subfamilies
20 ...
**Family
Acmaeidae
Acmaeidae is a family of sea snails, specifically true limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Lottioidea and the subclass Patellogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Bouchet, P. ...
**Family
Lepetidae
Lepetidae is a family of sea snails or small, deep-water true limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Patellogastropoda the true limpets.
Taxonomy
This family consists of the two following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of t ...
*Superfamily
Neolepetopsoidea
Neolepetopsoidea is the name of a taxonomic superfamily which is now considered to be a synonym of Lottioidea. Previously Neolepetopsoidea was considered to be a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Patellogastro ...
**Family
Neolepetopsidae
Neolepetopsidae is a family of small deep sea sea snails or true limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the subclass Patellogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family has no subfamilies.
...
** † Family
Daminilidae
Daminilidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, true limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Patellogastropoda. This family has no subfamilies.
Taxonomy
Daminilidae belongs to superfamily Neolepetopsoidea according to the ta ...
** † Family
Lepetopsidae
Lepetopsidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Patellogastropoda.
This family has no subfamilies.
Members of extant family Neolepetopsidae probably developed from Lepetopsidae. McLean J. H. (7 November 1990). "Neolepetopsidae, a ...
Clade Vetigastropoda
*Not assigned to a superfamily:
**Family
**Family
Pendromidae
** † Family
Schizogoniidae
*Superfamily †
Amberleyoidea
Eucyclidae is a family of gastropods in the superfamily Seguenzioidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family has no subfamilies.
Genera
Genera within the family Eucyclidae include:
* '' Amberley ...
** † Family
Amberleyidae
** † Family
Nododelphinulidae
Nododelphinulidae is an extinct family of fossil gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snail ...
*Superfamily †
Eotomarioidea
Eotomarioidea is an extinct superfamily of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda.
Taxonomy
* Family Eotomariidae Wenz, 1938
* Family Gosseletinidae Wenz, 1938
* Family Luciellidae Knight, 1956
* ...
** † Family
Eotomariidae
Eotomariidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that form a very ancient lineage (evol ...
** † Family
Gosseletinidae
** † Family
Luciellidae
Luciellidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that ...
** † Family
Phanerotrematidae
*Superfamily
Fissurelloidea
Fissurellidae, common name the keyhole limpets and slit limpets, is a taxonomic family of limpet-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Vetigastropoda.Rosenberg, G. (2012). Fissurellidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marin ...
**Family
Fissurellidae
*Superfamily
Haliotoidea
Haliotoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subclass Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Val ...
**Family
Haliotidae
''Haliotis'', common name abalone, is the only genus in the family Haliotidae.
This genus once contained six subgenera. These subgenera have become alternate representations of ''Haliotis''. The genus consists of small to very large, edible, h ...
** † Family
Temnotropidae
Temnotropidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haliotoidea
Haliotoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subclass Vetigastropoda (according to the taxono ...
*Superfamily
Lepetelloidea
Lepetelloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, small deepwater limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). (Previously this superfamily was in the or ...
**Family
Lepetellidae
Lepetellidae is a taxonomic family of small deepwater sea snails or limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Lepetelloidea in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). (It was ...
**Family
Addisoniidae
Addisoniidae is a family of sea snails, deepwater true limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollu ...
**Family
Bathyphytophilidae
Bathyphytophilidae is a family of very small deepwater sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gast ...
**Family
Caymanabyssiidae
Caymanabyssiidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the vaude Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family has no subfamilies. This family was originally the subfamily ...
**Family
Cocculinellidae
Cocculinellidae is a family of small sea snails, deepwater limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, m ...
**Family
Osteopeltidae
Osteopeltidae is a taxonomic family of small, deep water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, ...
**Family
Pseudococculinidae
Pseudococculinidae is a family of small sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Lepetelloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Gofas, S. (2012). Pseudococculinidae. Accesse ...
**Family
Pyropeltidae
*Superfamily
Lepetodriloidea
**Family
Lepetodrilidae
**Family
Clypeosectidae
**Family
Sutilizonidae
Sutilizonidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, deepwater hydrothermal vent snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Taxonomy
This family has no ...
*Superfamily †
Murchisonioidea
** † Family
Murchisoniidae
Murchisoniidae is an extinct family of fossil gastropods in the superfamily Murchisonioidea
Murchisonioidea is an extinct superfamily of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda.
This superfamily was p ...
** † Family
Cheeneetnukiidae
** † Family
Hormotomidae
*Superfamily
Neomphaloidea
Neomphaloidea is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of deep-sea snails or limpets, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks. Neomphaloidea is the only superfamily in the order Neomphalida.
The order Neomphalida has the largest ''In situ#Bi ...
: subsequent research has placed this superfamily in its own clade, the Neomphalina, basal to the Vetigastropoda
WoRMS: Neomphalina
/ref>
**Family Neomphalidae
**Family Melanodrymiidae
**Family Peltospiridae
*Superfamily Pleurotomarioidea
Pleurotomarioidea is a superfamily of small to large marine gastropods included in the order Pleurotomariida of the subclass Vetigastropoda.
These are the slit shells, originally named Pleurotomariacea, in keeping with the convention for naming ...
**Family Pleurotomariidae
Pleurotomariidae, common name the "slit snails", is a family of large marine gastropods in the superfamily Pleurotomarioidea of the subclass Vetigastropoda. This family is a very ancient lineage; there were numerous species in the geological pas ...
** † Family Catantostomatidae
Catantostomatidae is an extinct family of marine gastropods included in the Vetigastropoda and placed in the superfamily Pleurotomarioidea
Pleurotomarioidea is a superfamily of small to large marine gastropods included in the order Pleurotomar ...
** † Family Kittlidiscidae
Kittlidiscidae is an extinct family of Middle Triassic gastropods in the superfamily Pleurotomarioidea, named to contain the genus ''Kittlidiscus''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part I, R.C. Moore (ed) Geol Soc of America and Univ. Kansas ...
** † Family Phymatopleuridae
Phymatopleuridae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pleurotomarioidea
Pleurotomarioidea is a superfamily of small to large marine gastropods included in the order Pleurotomariida of the sub ...
** † Family Polytremariidae
Polytremariidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that form a very ancient lineage (e ...
** † Family Portlockiellidae
Portlockiellidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family has no subfamilies.
Genera
Genera within the family Portlockiellidae include ...
** † Family Rhaphischismatidae
** † Family Trochotomidae
Trochotomidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pleurotomarioidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family has no subfamilies.
Genera
Genera wi ...
** † Family Zygitidae
†Zygitidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that ...
*Superfamily † Porcellioidea
** † Family Porcelliidae
** † Family Cirridae
** † Family Discohelicidae
** † Family Pavlodiscidae
*Superfamily Scissurelloidea
Scissurelloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the subclass Vetigastropoda.
Scissurelloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromoll ...
**Family Scissurellidae
**Family Anatomidae
Anatomidae is a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomidae was raised to the rank of subfamily to the rank of family ...
*Superfamily Seguenzioidea
Seguenzioidea is a superfamily of minute to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda.Gofas, S. (2010). Seguenzioidea. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed ...
**Family Seguenziidae
Seguenziidae is a family of very small deepwater sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Seguenzioidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Bouchet, P. (2012). Seguenziidae. Accessed through ...
**Family Chilodontidae
** † Family Eucyclidae
Eucyclidae is a family of gastropods in the superfamily Seguenzioidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family has no subfamilies.
Genera
Genera within the family Eucyclidae include:
* '' Amberley ...
** † Family Laubellidae
Laubellidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that form a ...
*Superfamily Trochoidea
**Family Trochidae
The Trochidae, common name top-snails or top-shells, are a family of various sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subclass Vetigastropoda. This family is commonly known as the top-snails because in many species the shell resembles ...
**Family Calliostomatidae
Calliostomatidae is a family of sea snails within the superfamily Trochoidea and the clade Vetigastropoda.Gofas, S. (2013). Calliostomatidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetail ...
** † Family Elasmonematidae
Elasmonematidae is an extinct family of gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and sl ...
** † Family Eucochlidae
** † Family Microdomatidae
Microdomatidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Taxonomy
This family consists of two following subfam ...
** † Family Proconulidae
Proconulidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marinegastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that form a ...
**Family Solariellidae
Solariellidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Gofas, S. (2011). Solariellidae. Accessed through: World Register of ...
** † Family Tychobraheidae
Tychobraheidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85, ...
** † Family Velainellidae
Velainellidae is a very small Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochoidea (superfamily), Trochoidea, the top snails, turban snails and their allies.
Genera
Th ...
*Superfamily Turbinoidea
Turbinoidea was a superfamily of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). But it has become an available name, because it is no lon ...
**Family Turbinidae
**Family Liotiidae
Liotiidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Gofas, S. (2013). Liotiidae Gray, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of ...
**Family Phasianellidae
Phasianellidae common name the "pheasant shells" or "pheasant snails" is a family of small sea snails with calcareous opercula, marine gastropod mollusks in the subclass Vetigastropoda
Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomi ...
Clade
Cocculiniformia
The Cocculinoidea is a superfamily of deepwater limpets (marine gastropods), the only superfamily in the order Cocculinida , one of the main orders of gastropods according to the taxonomy as set up by ( Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The clade Coccil ...
*Superfamily Cocculinoidea
The Cocculinoidea is a superfamily of deepwater limpets (marine gastropods), the only superfamily in the order Cocculinida , one of the main orders of gastropods according to the taxonomy as set up by ( Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The clade Coccil ...
**Family Cocculinidae
**Family Bathysciadiidae
Bathysciadiidae is a family of sea snails, deep-sea limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Cocculiniformia (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Bathysciadiidae ...
Clade Neritimorpha (= Neritopsina)
Contains the Palaeozoic
The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon.
The name ''Paleozoic'' ( ;) was coined by the British geologist Adam Sedgwick in 1838
by combining the Greek words ''palaiós'' (, "old") and '' ...
Neritomorpha of uncertain position and the clades Cyrtoneritimorpha and Cycloneritimorpha
*Unassigned to superfamily
** † Family Craspedostomatidae
''Craspedostomatidae'' is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine, gastropod mollusks in the subclass Gastropoda incertae sedis, unassigned in the class Gastropoda .
Genera
* † '' Brochidium'' Koken, 1889
* '' Bucanospi ...
** † Family Pragoscutulidae
*Superfamily Nerrhenoidea
** † Family Nerrhenidae
*Superfamily Oriostomatoidea
** † Family Oriostomatidae
** † Family Tubinidae
*Superfamily Palaeotrochoidea
Palaeotrochidae is an extinct family of fossil snails, gastropod mollusks in the clade Neritimorpha according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This is the only family in the superfamily Palaeotrochoidea. This family ha ...
** † Family Palaeotrochidae
*Superfamily Platyceratoidea
** † Family Platyceratidae
Platyceratidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic sea snails, marine gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This cl ...
Clade
Cyrtoneritimorpha
Cyrtoneritimorpha, also Cyrtoneritida, is a clade of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Neritimorpha
Neritimorpha is a taxonomic grouping, an unranked major clade of snails, gastropod mollusks. This grouping ...
** † Family Orthonychiidae
†''Orthonychiidae'' is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine, gastropod mollusks in the clade Cyrtoneritimorpha.
There is an unusually great degree of variability within the shells of species in the genus ''Orthonychia'', bu ...
** † Family Vltaviellidae
Vltaviellidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine, gastropod molluscs in the clade Cyrtoneritimorpha
Cyrtoneritimorpha, also Cyrtoneritida, is a clade of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clad ...
Clade
Cycloneritimorpha
Cycloneritida (nerites and false-limpets) is an order of land snails, freshwater snails, and sea snails.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cycloneritida. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...
*Superfamily Helicinoidea
Helicinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of land snails that have an operculum. In other words, they are terrestrial operculate gastropod mollusks. They are in the superfamily Neritoidea and are quite closely related to the marine and freshwa ...
**Family Helicinidae
** † Family Dawsonellidae
''Dawsonellidae'' is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine, gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks ...
** † Family Deaniridae
''Deianiridae'' is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). ...
**Family Neritiliidae
Neritiliidae is a family of submarine cave snails,Kano Y. & Kase T. (2008). "Diversity and distributions of the submarine-cave Neritiliidae in the Indo-Pacific (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha)". ''Organisms Diversity & Evolution'' 8(1): 22-43. marine ...
**Family Proserpinellidae
Proserpinellidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of land snails with an operculum (gastropod), operculum, terrestrial animal, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicinoidea (according to the Taxonomy o ...
**Family Proserpinidae
Proserpinidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small land snails with an operculum (gastropod), operculum, gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicinoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Ro ...
*Superfamily Hydrocenoidea
Hydrocenidae is a taxonomic family of minute land snails or cave snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the clade Cycloneritimorpha.
Hydrocenidae are widespread across the Palearctis and Africa, but r ...
**Family Hydrocenidae
Hydrocenidae is a taxonomic family of minute land snails or cave snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the clade Cycloneritimorpha.
Hydrocenidae are widespread across the Palearctis and Africa, but r ...
*Superfamily Neritoidea
Neritoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of mostly sea snails, nerites and their allies, marine gastropod mollusks in the order Cycloneritida (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). MolluscaBase eds. (2020). Mollus ...
**Family Neritidae
Neritidae, common name the nerites, is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized saltwater and freshwater snails which have a gill and a distinctive operculum.
MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Neritininae Poey, 1852. Accessed through: ...
**Family Phenacolepadidae
Phenacolepadidae is a family (biology), family of small sea snails or false limpets, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Cycloneritimorpha (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy of the G ...
** † Family Pileolidae
*Superfamily Neritopsoidea
Neritopsoidea is a taxonomic grouping, a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Cycloneritimorpha, within the clade Neritimorpha, (according to Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), or in the order Neritoina within superorder ...
**Family Neritopsidae
** † Family Cortinellidae
''Cortinellidae'' is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snail
Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gast ...
** † Family Delphinulopsidae
** † Family Plagiothyridae
''Plagiothyridae'' is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Neritopsoidea
Neritopsoidea is a taxonomic grouping, a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Cyclone ...
** † Family Pseudorthonychiidae
**Family Titiscaniidae
''Titiscania'' is a genus of slug-like sea snails, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Neritopsoidea.Bouchet, P. (2015). Titiscania. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www ...
*Superfamily Symmetrocapuloidea
** † Family Symmetrocapulidae
Clade
Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The clade is the most diverse and ecologically successfu ...
Contains the Caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position, the informal group Architaenioglossa and the clades Sorbeoconcha and Hypsogastropoda
*Caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position:
**Family Lyocyclidae
Lyocyclidae is a taxonomic family of small sea snails, unassigned in the order Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some ...
Thiele, 1925
** † Family Plicatusidae
Plicatusidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but al ...
** † Family Spanionematidae
Spanionematidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Aroun ...
** † Family Spirostylidae
Spirostylidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but a ...
*Superfamily Abyssochrysoidea
''Abyssochrysoidea'' is a superfamily of deep-water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks unassigned in the orderCaenogastropoda. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Abyssochrysoidea Tomlin, 1927. Accessed through: World Register of Marine S ...
Tomlin, 1927
** Acanthonematidae
Acanthonematidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sorbeoconcha
Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Cae ...
Wenz, 1938 †
*Superfamily Acteoninoidea
** † Family Acteoninidae
** † Family Anozygidae
** † Family Soleniscidae
*Superfamily Dendropupoidea
** † Family Dendropupidae
** † Family Anthracopupidae
*Superfamily Paleostyloidea
** † Family Palaeostylidae
** † Family Goniasmatidae
Goniasmatidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda.
References
The Taxonomicon
Prehistoric gastropods
Gastropod families
{{Paleo-gastropod-stub ...
** † Family Pithodeidae
*Superfamily Peruneloidea
Peruneloidea is an extinct superfamily of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda.
Families
Families within the superfamily Peruneloidea are as follows:
* † Family Perunelidae
* † Family Chuc ...
** † Family Perunelidae
Perunelidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda.
References
The Taxonomicon
Prehistoric gastropods
{{Paleo-gastropod-stub ...
** † Family Chuchlinidae
** † Family Imoglobidae
** † Family Sphaerodomidae
*Superfamily Pseudomelanioidea
Pseudomelanioidea is an extinct superfamily of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Caenogastropoda named after the family pseudomelaniidae.
Taxonomy
* † Family Pseudomelaniidae R. Hoernes, 1884
* † Famil ...
** † Family Pseudomelaniidae
Pseudomelaniidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda.
Genera
Genera within the family Pseudomelaniidae include:
* ''Angulasina'' Gründel, 2012[Trajanellidae
Trajanellidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda.
Genera
Genera within the family Trajanellidae include:
* '' Trajanella'' Popovici-Hatzeg, 1899, the type genus
In biological ...]
*Superfamily Subulitoidea
** † Family Subulitidae
** † Family Ischnoptygmatidae
* grade Zygopleuroid group - see Changes since 2005
** † Family Zygopleuridae
†Zygopleuridae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, bu ...
** Family Abyssochrysidae
** † Family Polygyrinidae
** † Family Protorculidae
** Family Provannidae
Provannidae is a family of deep water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfmaily Abyssochrysoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 and updated in 2008 by Kaim et al.). MolluscaBase eds. (2021) ...
** † Family Pseudozygopleuridae
Pseudozygopleuridae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, ...
Informal group
Architaenioglossa
Architaenioglossa is a taxonomic group of snails which have gills and often an operculum. They are primarily land and freshwater gastropod mollusks within the clade Caenogastropoda.
This " informal group" has been shown to be polyphyletic in a s ...
*Superfamily Ampullarioidea
Ampullarioidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic superfamily of freshwater snails, Aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the informal group Architaenioglossa, which belongs to the clade Caenogastropoda (unassigned).
Families
* Ampu ...
**Family Ampullariidae
** † Family Naricopsinidae
†Naricopsinidae was an extinct family of fossil operculate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,00 ...
*Superfamily Cyclophoroidea
Cyclophoroidea is a superfamily of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropods within the informal group Architaenioglossa, that belongs to the clade Caenogastropoda.Bouchet, P.; Rosenberg, G.; Gofas, S. (2015). Cyclophoroidea Gray, ...
**Family Cyclophoridae
**Family Aciculidae
The Aciculidae are a family of minute land snails which have opercula (an operculum is a little door that closes the shell when the animal retracts into it). In other words, Aciculidae are terrestrial operculate gastropods.
Even though Aciculid ...
**Family Craspedopomatidae
Craspedopomatidae is a family of very small land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Architaenioglossa belonging to the clade Caenogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropod ...
**Family Diplommatinidae
** † Family Ferussinidae
†Ferussinidae is an extinct family of operculate freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusk ...
**Family Maizaniidae
Maizaniidae is a family of minute land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family has no subfamilies.
Genera ...
**Family Megalomastomatidae
Megalomastomatidae is a family (biology), family of tropical land snails with an operculum (gastropod), operculum, Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropod ...
**Family Neocyclotidae
Neocyclotidae is a family of tropical land snails with gills and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Architaenioglossa belonging to the clade Caenogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouche ...
**Family Pupinidae
Pupinidae is a taxonomic family of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase ...
*Superfamily Viviparoidea
Viviparoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the informal group Architaenioglossa, which belongs to the clade Caenogastropoda.
The following two families have been recognized in the tax ...
**Family Viviparidae
Viviparidae, sometimes known as the river snails or mystery snails, are a family of large operculate freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks.
This family is classified in the informal group Architaenioglossa according to the taxonomy of ...
** † Family Pliopholygidae
Pliopholygidae is an extinct family (biology), family of operculum (gastropod), operculate freshwater snails, Aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the informal group Architaenioglossa.
References
The Taxonomicon
Prehistoric gas ...
Clade
Sorbeoconcha
Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda.
The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997.
Taxonomy
1 ...
*Not allocated to superfamily
** † Family Acanthonematidae
Acanthonematidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sorbeoconcha
Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Cae ...
** † Family Canterburyellidae
† Canterburyellidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sorbeoconcha
Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade ...
** † Family Prisciphoridae
† Prisciphoridae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sorbeoconcha
Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade ...
*Superfamily Cerithioidea
The Cerithioidea is a superfamily of marine, brackish water and freshwater gastropod containing more than 200 genera. The Cerithoidea are included unassigned in the subclass Caenogastropoda. The original name of this superfamily was Cerithiacea, ...
**Family Cerithiidae
**Family Batillariidae
** † Family Brachytrematidae
Brachytrematidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common an ...
** † Family Cassiopidae
†Cassiopidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superorder Cerithiimorpha
The Cerithiimorpha was a suborder of marine gastropods within the Sorbeoconcha. This taxon is no longer valid according to the ...
**Family Dialidae
Dialidae, common name dialids, is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha.
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Dialidae has no subfamilies.
Genera
Genus wit ...
**Family Diastomatidae
** † Family Eustomatidae
** † Family Ladinulidae
** † Family Lanascalidae
Lanascalidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs.
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Lanascalidae used to be in superfamily Cerithioidea of the clade Sorbeoconcha, a ...
** Family Litiopidae
Litiopidae, common name litiopids, is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha.
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Litiopidae has no subfamilies.
Genera
Ge ...
** † Family Maoraxidae
Maoraxidae is an extinct family of snails, gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha
Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda.
Th ...
**Family Melanopsidae
Melanopsidae, common name melanopsids, is a family of freshwater gastropods in the clade Sorbeoconcha. Species in this family are native to southern and eastern Europe, northern Africa, parts of the Middle East, New Zealand, and freshwater strea ...
** † Family Metacerithiidae
Metacerithiidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Campaniloidea
The Campaniloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. The Campaniloidea are unassigned in the clade Ca ...
**Family Modulidae
Modulidae, common name modulids, is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithioidea.
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Modulidae has no subfamilies.
Genera ...
**Family Pachychilidae
Pachychilidae, common name pachychilids, is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails, gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha.Gofas, S. (2014). Pachychilidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ ...
**Family Paludomidae
Paludomidae, common name paludomids, is a family of freshwater snails, gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha.
Distribution
The distribution of the Paludomidae includes Asia and Africa.
Taxonomy
The following three subfamilies have be ...
**Family Planaxidae
Planaxidae, commonly called planaxids or clusterwinks, are a taxonomic family of small and minute sea snails, pantropical marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithoidea. They live on rocky shores in the littoral zone of the tropics and ...
**Family Pleuroceridae
Pleuroceridae, common name pleurocerids, is a family of small to medium-sized freshwater snails, aquatic gilled gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cerithioidea.These snails have an operculum and typically a robust high-spired shell.
Reprodu ...
** † Family Popenellidae
**Family Potamididae
** † Family Procerithiidae - If the genus '' Argyropeza'' is placed in the Procerithiidae, then this family is not all fossil.
** † Family Prostyliferidae
** † Family Propupaspiridae
**Family Scaliolidae
Scaliolidae, common name scaliolids,Strong E. E., Colgan D. J., Healy J. M., Lydeard C., Ponder W. F. & Glaubrecht M. (2011). "Phylogeny of the gastropod superfamily Cerithioidea using morphology and molecules". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnea ...
**Family Siliquariidae
''Siliquariidae'' is a family of sea snails with unusual, very loosely coiled shells. These are marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha.
Taxonomy
The following two subfamilies
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ...
** † Family Terebrellidae - not a valid name
**Family Thiaridae
**Family Turritellidae
Turritellidae, common name the "tower shells" or "tower snails", is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha.
These snails are filter feeders. This method of feeding is s ...
*Superfamily Campaniloidea
The Campaniloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. The Campaniloidea are unassigned in the clade Caenogastropoda.
Taxonomy
The following four families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
* ...
**Family Campanilidae
Campanilidae are a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha (an alternative representation of the clade Caenogastropoda).Bouchet, P. (2013). Campanilidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Speci ...
**Family Ampullinidae
**Family Plesiotrochidae
Plesiotrochidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha
Sorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastro ...
** † Family Trypanaxidae
Trypanaxidae is an extinct family (biology), family of fossil sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Campaniloidea.
According to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy of the Gastropod ...
Clade
Hypsogastropoda
Hypsogastropoda is a clade containing marine gastropods within the clade Caenogastropoda. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Hypsogastropoda. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=t ...
Contains the clades Littorinimorpha, Neogastropoda and the informal group Ptenoglossa.
*Not allocated to a superfamily
** † Family Coelostylinidae
** † Family Maturifusidae
** † Family Pommerozygiidae
** † Family Settsassiidae
Clade Littorinimorpha
*Superfamily Calyptraeoidea
The Calyptraeidae are a family of small to medium-sized marine prosobranch gastropods. MolluscaBase. Calyptraeidae Lamarck, 1809. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141 o ...
**Family Calyptraeidae
The Calyptraeidae are a family of small to medium-sized marine prosobranch gastropods. MolluscaBase. Calyptraeidae Lamarck, 1809. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141 o ...
*Superfamily Capuloidea
The Capulidae, the cap snails or cap shells, are a taxonomic family of limpet-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas, S. (2012). Capulidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.ma ...
**Family Capulidae
The Capulidae, the cap snails or cap shells, are a taxonomic family of limpet-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas, S. (2012). Capulidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.ma ...
*Superfamily Cingulopsoidea
The Cingulopsoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.
Families
The following three families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
*Family Cingulopsidae Frette ...
**Family Cingulopsidae
Cingulopsidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also including some freshwater sna ...
**Family Eatoniellidae
Eatoniellidae, commonly known as eatoniellids, are a taxonomic family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cingulopsoidea
The Cingulopsoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the cl ...
**Family Rastodentidae
''Rastodentidae'' is a taxonomic family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also in ...
*Superfamliy Cypraeoidea
**Family Cypraeidae
**Family Ovulidae
*Superfamily Ficoidea
**Family Ficidae
Ficidae, common name the fig shells are a family of medium to large marine gastropods. It is the only family in the superfamily Ficoidea.
According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Ficidae has no subfamilies.
...
*Superfamily Littorinoidea
Littorinoidea are a superfamily of both sea snails and land snails which have a gill and an operculum, terrestrial and marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.
The terrestrial family within this group, the Pomatiidae, are sometim ...
**Family Littorinidae
** † Family Bohaispiridae
Bohaispiridae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but also including some fre ...
**Family Pickworthiidae
Pickworthiidae is a family (biology), family of small sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithioidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Pickworthiidae Iredale, 1917. Accessed through: World Register of ...
**Family Pomatiidae
** † Family Purpurinidae
**Family Skeneopsidae
The Skeneopsidae are a family of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also including ...
** † Family Tripartellidae
**Family Zerotulidae
*Superfamily Naticoidea
Naticidae, common name moon snails or necklace shells, is a family of medium to large-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The shells of the species in this family are mostly globular in shape. ...
**Family Naticidae
*Superfamily Pterotracheoidea
The Pterotracheoidea is, according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), a taxonomic superfamily of sea snails or sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. They are commonly called heteropods ...
**Family Pterotracheidae
**Family Atlantidae
** † Family Bellerophinidae
Bellerophinidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but also including some f ...
**Family Carinariidae
*Superfamily Rissooidea
Rissooidea, originally named Rissoacea by Gray, 1847, is a taxonomic superfamily of small and minute marine snails, belonging to the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas, S. (2013). Rissooidea. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at htt ...
**Family Rissoidae
Rissoidae is a large family of very small and minute sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Rissooidea and the order Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting pr ...
**Family Amnicolidae
Amnicolidae is a family of small freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Rissooidea.
This family is in the clade Littorinimorpha (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & R ...
**Family Anabathridae
**Family Assimineidae
Assimineidae is a family of minute snails, also known as palmleaf snails, with an operculum, gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Rissoidae. Many of these very small snails live in intermediate habitats, being amphibious betwee ...
**Family Barleeiidae
Barleeiidae (often also spelled Barleeidae) is a family of minute sea snails, micromollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas S. (1995). A remarkable species richness of the Barleeidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea) in the Eastern Atlantic. The Nautilu ...
**Family Bithyniidae
Bithyniidae is a family of small freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Bithyniidae Gray, 1857. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...
**Family Caecidae
**Family Calopiidae
Calopiidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea
Truncatelloidea is a superfamily of snails, gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda.Bouchet, P. (2013). ''Truncatelloidea''. Retrie ...
**Family Cochliopidae
**Family Elachisinidae
Elachisinidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea and the order Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species) ...
**Family Emblandidae
''Emblanda emblematica'' is a species of sea snail, a marine aquatic operculate gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but ...
**Family Epigridae
**Family Falsicingulidae
Falsicingulidae is a family of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also including s ...
**Family Helicostoidae
''Helicostoa'' is a monotypic genus of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the order Littorinimorpha containing the single species ''Helicostoa sinensis''.
''Helicostoa'' is also the only genus in the family Helicostoidae.Strong E ...
**Family Hydrobiidae
**Family Hydrococcidae
Hydrococcidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but also including some freshw ...
**Family Iravadiidae
Iravadiidae is a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea and the clade Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine sp ...
**Family Lithoglyphidae
Lithoglyphidae is a family of small freshwater snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks.
This family is in the superfamily Truncatelloidea and in the clade Littorinimorpha (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by ...
** † Family Mesocochliopidae
**Family Moitessieriidae
Moitessieriidae is a family of small freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Truncatelloidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). Moitessieriidae Bourguignat, 1863. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marine ...
** † Family Palaeorissoinidae
Palaeorissoinidae is an extinct family of fossil snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Rissooidea
Rissooidea, originally named Rissoacea by Gray, 1847, is a taxonomic superfamily of small and minute marine snails, belonging to th ...
**Family Pomatiopsidae
**Family Stenothyridae
Stenothyridae is a family of small freshwater snails, snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Truncatelloidea.
This family has no subfamilies.
Distribution
There are known about 60 freshwater speci ...
**Family Tornidae
Tornidae is a family of very small and minute sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha. This family used to be known as the Vitrinellidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Tornidae Sacco, 1896 (1884). Acc ...
**Family Truncatellidae
Truncatellidae, common name the "looping snails", is a family of small amphibious snails, with gills and an operculum, semi-marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks.
Shell description
This family of snails have small shells which lose th ...
*Superfamily Stromboidea
The Stromboidea, originally named the Strombacea by Rafinesque in 1815, is a superfamily of medium-sized to very large sea snails in the clade Littorinimorpha.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Stromboidea Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: ...
**Family Strombidae
**Family Aporrhaidae
** † Family Colombellinidae
Colombellinidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but also including ...
** † Family Pugnellidae
Aporrhaidae is a family of sea snails commonly called the "pelican's foot snails." The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Classif ...
**Family Rostellariidae
Rostellariidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.Bouchet, P. (2010). Rostellariidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register ...
**Family Seraphsidae
Seraphsidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Stromboidea
The Stromboidea, originally named the Strombacea by Rafinesque in 1815, is a superfamily of medium-sized to very large sea sn ...
**Family Struthiolariidae
Struthiolariidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Stromboidea
The Stromboidea, originally named the Strombacea by Rafinesque in 1815, is a superfamily of medium-sized to very large s ...
** † Family Thersiteidae
** † Family Tylostomatidae
*Superfamily Tonnoidea
The Tonnoidea are a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Littorinimorpha. This superfamily includes many very large species.
Nomenclature
Beu (1998, 2008) favours usage of Tonnoidea and Tonnidae rather than Cas ...
**Family Tonnidae
**Family Bursidae
The Bursidae, common name "frog snails" or "frog shells", are a rather small taxonomic family of large sea snails, marine gastropod predatory snails in the clade Littorinimorpha. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Bursidae Thiele, 1925. A ...
**Family Laubierinidae
The Laubierinidae are a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.
Taxonomy
The family includes the following genera:
* '' Akibumia'' Kuroda & Habe, 1959
* '' Laminilabrum'' Kuroda & Habe, 1961
* '' Laubier ...
**Family Personidae
The Personidae are a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but also including some freshwater ...
**Family Pisanianuridae
**Family Ranellidae
**Family Cassidae
The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very large sea snails commonly called helmet snails or bonnet snails. These are marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tonnoidea and the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas, ...
*Superfamily Vanikoroidea
Vanikoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The superfamily Eulimoidea is a synonym of Vanikoroidea.
Families
Families within the superfamily Vanikoroidea include:
*Family Eulimidae Phili ...
**Family Vanikoridae
Vanikoridae is a family of minute to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Vanikoroidea.
Genera and species
Genera within the family Vanikoridae include:
* '' Amamiconcha'' Habe, 1961
* '' Berthais'' Melvill, 1 ...
**Family Haloceratidae
Haloceratidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Vanikoroidea
Vanikoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The superfamily Eulimoidea is a ...
**Family Hipponicidae
''Hipponicidae'', common name hoof shells or hoof snails, is a family of small sea snails, limpet-like marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Vanikoroidea
Vanikoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs ...
** † Family Omalaxidae
*Superfamily Velutinoidea
Velutinoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.
Taxonomy
*Family Velutinidae Gray, 1840
**Subfamily Velutininae Gray, 1840
**Subfamily Lamellariinae d’Orbigny, 1841
*Family Triviidae Tros ...
**Family Velutinidae
Velutinidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas, S. (2014). Velutinidae Gray, 1840. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetail ...
**Family Triviidae
Triviidae is a taxonomic family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cypraeoidea of the order Littorinimorpha. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Triviidae Troschel, 1863. Accessed through: World Register of Mari ...
*Superfamily Vermetoidea
**Family Vermetidae
*Superfamily Xenophoroidea
Xenophoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.
Taxonomy
The following families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
*family Xenophoridae
Xenophoridae, ...
**Family Xenophoridae
Xenophoridae, commonly called carrier shells, is a family of medium-sized to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Xenophor ...
** † Family Lamelliphoridae
Lamelliphoridae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha
Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), but also inclu ...
Informal group
Ptenoglossa
The Ptenoglossa is an informal taxonomic group of sea snails.
This group was considered paraphyletic or polyphyletic by Ponder and Lindberg (1997) in their classification of gastropod molluscs.
The database WoRMS considers this suborder as b ...
*Superfamily Epitonioidea
Epitonioidea is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of planktonic and ectoparasitic sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs within the informal group Ptenoglossa. This superfamily includes the wentletraps and the purple snails.
Taxonomy
...
**Family Epitoniidae
Wentletraps are small, often white, very high-spired, predatory or ectoparasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Epitoniidae.Gofas, S. (2010). Epitoniidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollu ...
**Family Janthinidae
Wentletraps are small, often white, very high-spired, predatory or ectoparasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Epitoniidae.Gofas, S. (2010). Epitoniidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollu ...
**Family Nystiellidae
Nystiellidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Epitonioidea which includes the wentletraps, the purple snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2010). Nystiellidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenbe ...
*Superfamily Eulimoidea
Vanikoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The superfamily Eulimoidea is a synonym of Vanikoroidea.
Families
Families within the superfamily Vanikoroidea include:
*Family Eulimidae ...
**Family Eulimidae
Eulimidae is a family of very small parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Vanikoroidea.
Description
These small parasitic snails live on (or in some cases in) the bodies of echinoderms such as sea cucumbers, sea ...
**Family Aclididae
Eulimidae is a family of very small parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Vanikoroidea.
Description
These small parasitic snails live on (or in some cases in) the bodies of echinoderms such as sea cucumbers, sea ...
*Superfamily Triphoroidea
**Family Triphoridae
Triphoridae is a family of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the informal group Ptenoglossa, within the clade Hypsogastropoda. Almost all the species in this family are micromollusks and almost all are left-handed in she ...
**Family Cerithiopsidae
Cerithiopsidae is a family of very small sea snails in the informal group Ptenoglossa. Members of this family are known as cerithiopsids.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cerithiopsidae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853. Accessed through: World R ...
**Family Newtoniellidae
Clade
Neogastropoda
Neogastropoda is an order of sea snails, both freshwater and marine gastropod molluscs.
Description
The available fossil record of Neogastropoda is relatively complete, and supports a widely accepted evolutionary scenario of an Early Creta ...
*Unassigned to a superfamily
** † Family Johnwyattiidae
** † Family Perissityidae
Perissityidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snail
Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropo ...
** † Family Sarganidae
** † Family Speightiidae
** † Family Taiomidae
** † Family Weeksiidae
*Superfamily Buccinoidea
**Family Buccinidae
**Family Colubrariidae
**Family Columbellidae
The Columbellidae, the dove snails or dove shells, are a family of minute to small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the order Neogastropoda.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Columbellidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) Wo ...
**Family Fasciolariidae
The Fasciolariidae, common name the "tulip snails and spindle snails", are a family (biology), family of small to large sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Buccinoidea.
The family Fasciolariidae probably appe ...
**Family Nassariidae
The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (USA), or dog whelks (UK), are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda.
"Dog whelk" also refers to ''Nucella lapillus''.
Shell description
T ...
**Family Melongenidae
*Superfamily Muricoidea
Neogastropoda is an order of sea snails, both freshwater and marine gastropod molluscs.
Description
The available fossil record of Neogastropoda is relatively complete, and supports a widely accepted evolutionary scenario of an Early Cretac ...
**Family Muricidae
**Family Babyloniidae
Babyloniidae is a taxonomic family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks unassigned within the superfamily Neogastropoda. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Babyloniidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971. Accessed through: World R ...
**Family Costellariidae
Costellariidae sometimes called the "ribbed miters" is a taxonomic family of minute to medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks.
This family of snails is also sometimes referred to as ''Vexillum'' miters. The main family ...
**Family Cystiscidae
Cystiscidae is a taxonomic family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks.
Description
The shell is minute to large, either white, uniformly colored, or patterned; the surface is smooth, sculptured, or axially costate; ...
**Family Harpidae
The Harpidae, known as the harp snails, are the members of a taxonomic family of large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks.
Subfamilies and genera
This family consists of the following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of ...
**Family Marginellidae
**Family Mitridae
Mitridae, known as mitre shells, are a taxonomic family of sea snails, widely distributed marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Mitroidea.MolluscaBase (2018). Mitridae Swainson, 1831. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http: ...
** † Family Pholidotomidae
**Family Pleioptygmatidae
**Family Strepsiduridae
**Family Turbinellidae
**Family Volutidae
**Family Volutomitridae
Volutomitridae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, in the superfamily Turbinelloidea.
Distribution
The highest diversity of Volutomitridae is found off the coast of New Caledonia.
Genera
The family Volutomitridae contain ...
*Superfamily Olivoidea
Olivoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of minute to medium-large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the order Neogastropoda.MolluscaBase (2018). Olivoidea Latreille, 1825. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http: ...
**Family Olividae
Olive snails, also known as olive shells and olives, scientific name Olividae, are a taxonomic family of medium to large predatory sea snails with smooth, shiny, elongated oval-shaped shells.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). Olividae. Accessed throu ...
**Family Olivellidae
Olivellinae, are a subfamily of small predatory sea snails with smooth, shiny, elongated oval-shaped shells, in the family Olividae. The shells sometimes show muted but attractive colors, and may have some patterning.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). Mo ...
*Superfamily Pseudolivoidea
Olivoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of minute to medium-large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the order Neogastropoda.MolluscaBase (2018). Olivoidea Latreille, 1825. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...
**Family Pseudolividae
Pseudolividae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Olivoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pseudolividae de Gregorio, 1880. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...
**Family Ptychatractidae
Ptychatractidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Turbinelloidea.Kantor, Y. (2014). Ptychatractidae Stimpson, 1865. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies ...
*Superfamily Conoidea
Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered ...
**Family Conidae
Conidae, with the current common name of "cone snails", is a taxonomic family (previously subfamily) of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Conoidea.
The 2014 classification of the superfamily Conoidea, groups onl ...
**Family Clavatulidae
Clavatulidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. The family is not well differentiated morphologically.
Clavatulidae was raised, based on cladistic analysis, from subfamily to the family ...
**Family Drilliidae
The Drilliidae are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small predatory sea snails with high-spired shells. They are classified as marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.
This family has no s ...
**Family Pseudomelatomidae
Pseudomelatomidae is a family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropods included in the superfamily Conoidea (previously Conacea) and part of the Neogastropoda ( Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
In 1995 Kantor elevated the subfamily Pseudomelatomina ...
**Family Strictispiridae
Strictispiridae is a taxonomic family of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). ...
**Family Terebridae
The Terebridae, commonly referred to as auger shells or auger snails, is a group or family of small to large predatory marine gastropods in the superfamily Conoidea.Gofas, S. (2012). Terebridae. World Register of Marine Specie2012-10-12
These ga ...
**Family Turridae
Turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. MolluscaBase (2018). Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...
*Superfamily Cancellarioidea
**Family Cancellariidae
Cancellariidae, common name the nutmeg snails or nutmeg shells, are a family of small to medium-large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda. Some of the shells of the species in this family resemble a nutmeg seed.
Di ...
Clade Heterobranchia
Contains the informal groups Heterobranchia, Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata
Informal group " Lower Heterobranchia" (=
Allogastropoda
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea slugs and sea snails, (marine gastropod mollusks) within the subclass Heterobranchia. WoRMS (2020). "Lower Heterobranchia". Accessed at: ...
)
*Unassigned to a superfamily
** Family Cimidae
** † Family Dolomitellidae
** † Family Heterosubulitidae
†Heterosubulitidae is an extinct Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of sea snails, Marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.
References
The Taxonomicon
Heterosubulitidae, ...
** † Family Kuskokwimiidae
** † Family Misurinellidae
The Misurinellidae is an extinct Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of sea snails, Marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.
Genera
Genera within the family Misureinellidae include: ...
**Family Orbitestellidae
Orbitestellidae are a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the infraclassis Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved ...
**Family Tjaernoeiidae
**Family Xylodisculidae
*Superfamily Acteonoidea
Acteonoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks.
Taxonomy
In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the superfamily Acteonoidea has been included into the informal group "Lower Heterobranchia" (Hete ...
**Family Acteonidae
Acteonidae, common name the "barrel bubble snails", is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks of the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.Bouchet, P. (2012). Acteonidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http:/ ...
** † Family Acteonellidae
**Family Aplustridae
The Aplustridae is a taxonomic family of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acteonoidea.
The former name of this family, Hydatinidae (Pilsbry, 1893) has been declared invalid.Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P. (Ed ...
**Family Bullinidae
The Aplustridae is a taxonomic family of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acteonoidea.
The former name of this family, Hydatinidae (Pilsbry, 1893) has been declared invalid.Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P. (Ed ...
** † Family Zardinellidae
*Superfamily Architectonicoidea
Architectonicoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Classification and nomenclat ...
**Family Architectonicidae
** † Family Amphitomariidae
The Amphitomariidae is an extinct taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea ...
** † Family Cassianaxidae
The Cassianaxidae is an extinct taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea s ...
*Superfamily Glacidorboidea
The Glacidorbidae is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
Glacidorbidae is the only family in the superfamily Glacidorboidea. Glacidorboidea has been classified within the informal group Lower Heterobranchia in the ...
**Family Glacidorbidae
*Superfamily Mathildoidea
Mathildoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Mathildoidea Dall, 1889. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.m ...
**Family Mathildidae
Mathildidae is a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Mathildoidea of the informal group of the Lower Heterobranchia.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). Mathildidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marin ...
** † Family Ampezzanildidae
The Ampezzanildidae is an extinct taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea ...
** † Family Anoptychiidae
Zygopleurinae is an extinct taxonomic subfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea sl ...
** † Family Gordenellidae
Gordenellidae is an extinct taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea slugs ...
** † Family Tofanellidae
The Tofanellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.
Subfamilies
The family Tofanellidae used to consist of the two following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of th ...
** † Family Trachoecidae
The Trachoecidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Mathildoidea
Mathildoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.M ...
*Superfamily Nerineoidea
†Nerineoidea is a superfamily of extinct sea snails, fossil marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.
Families
Families within the superfamily Nerineoidea include:
* † Family Nerineidae
The Nerineidae is an ext ...
** † Family Nerineidae
The Nerineidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.
Genera
Genera within the family Nerineidae include:
* ''Nerinea
†''Nerinea'' is an extinct genus of f ...
** † Family Ceritellidae
The †Ceritellidae is an extinct taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea ...
** † Family Nerinellidae
†Nerinellidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved ...
*Superfamily Omalogyroidea
Omalogyroidea is a superfamily of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved ...
**Family Omalogyridae
Omalogyridae are a family of minute and microscopic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, hig ...
** † Family Studraxidae
*Superfamily Pyramidelloidea
Pyramidelloidea is a superfamily of mostly very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks and micromollusks within the clade Panpulmonata.
This is a voluminous taxon: above the species level close to 400 named taxa are referred to this gast ...
**Family Pyramidellidae
Pyramidellidae, common name the pyram family, or pyramid shells, is a voluminous taxonomic family of mostly small and minute ectoparasitic sea snails, marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs. The great majority of species of pyrams are micromol ...
**Family Amathinidae
** † Family Heteroneritidae
**Family Murchisonellidae
*Superfamily Ringiculoidea
Ringiculidae are a family of minute deep water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Cla ...
**Family Ringiculidae
Ringiculidae are a family of minute deep water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Cla ...
*Superfamily Rissoelloidea
**Family Rissoellidae
Rissoellidae are a family (biology), family of minute sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.
Rissoellidae is the only family within the superfamily Rissoelloidea in the Taxonomy of the G ...
*Superfamily Streptacidoidea
Streptacidoidea is an extinct superfamily of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea s ...
** † Family Streptacididae
The Streptacididae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolv ...
** † Family Cassianebalidae
The Cassianebalidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evol ...
*Superfamily Valvatoidea
Valvatoidea is a superfamily of minute freshwater and marine snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Valvatoidea Gray, 1840. Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...
**Family Valvatidae
''Valvatidae'', the valve snails, is a taxonomic family of very small freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks.
Taxonomy
The family Valvatidae has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouche ...
**Family Cornirostridae
The Cornirostridae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,00 ...
**Family Hyalogyrinidae
** † Family Provalvatidae
The Provalvatidae is an extinct taxonomic family of aquatic snails, gastropod mollusc
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85, ...
Informal group
Opisthobranchia
Opisthobranchs () is now an informal name for a large and diverse group of specialized complex gastropods which used to be united in the subclass Opisthobranchia. That taxon is no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping.
Euopisth ...
Contains the clades Cephalaspidea, Thecosomata, Gymnosomata, Aplysiomorpha, Sacoglossa, Umbraculida, Nudipleura and the groups Acochlidiacea and Cylindrobullida.
Clade Cephalaspidea
*Superfamily Bulloidea
Bulloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks.Bouchet, P. (2010). Bulloidea Gray, 1827. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia. ...
**Family Bullidae
''Bulla'' is a genus of medium to large hermaphrodite sea snails, shelled marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs. These herbivorous snails are in the suborder Cephalaspidea, headshield slugs, and the order Opisthobranchia.Gofas, S. (201 ...
*Superfamily Diaphanoidea
Diaphanoidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Taxonomic rank, superfamily of small sea snails, marine (ocean), marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails.
Species in th ...
**Family Diaphanidae
Diaphanidae is a taxonomic family of small sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the superfamily Diaphanoidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails.
The little-known species in this family have small, flimsy ...
**Family Notodiaphanidae
*Superfamily Haminoeoidea
Haminoeoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small sea snails or bubble shells, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails.
These cephalaspideans do have distinct anatomical and morp ...
**Family Haminoeidae
Haminoeidae, commonly known as the haminoeid bubble snail family, is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haminoeoidea.
The name of this family has long been controversial, and used to be A ...
**Family Bullactidae
Haminoeidae, commonly known as the haminoeid bubble snail family, is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haminoeoidea.
The name of this family has long been controversial, and used to be A ...
**Family Smaragdinellidae
Haminoeidae, commonly known as the haminoeid bubble snail family, is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haminoeoidea.
The name of this family has long been controversial, and used to be A ...
*Superfamily Philinoidea
**Family Philinidae
Philinidae is a family of medium-sized sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are headshield slugs, in the order Cephalaspidea.Bouchet, P. (2012). Philinidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www. ...
**Family Aglajidae
Aglajidae is a family of often colorful, medium-sized, sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are not nudibranchs; instead they are headshield slugs, in the clade Cephalaspidea.Bouchet, P. (2012). Aglajidae. Accessed through: ...
**Family Cylichnidae
Cylichnidae, common name the "chalice bubble snails" or "canoe bubble snails" is a family of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cylichnoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cylichnidae H. Adams ...
**Family Gastropteridae
Gastropteridae, the bat-winged slugs, is a family of sea slugs, gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Philinoidea of the clade Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails. The greatest diversity of these colourful small slugs is in the ...
**Family Philinoglossidae
**Family Plusculidae
''Pluscula'' is a genus of marine snails, gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Philinoidea within the clade Cephalaspidea. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species, ''Pluscula cuica''.
Distribution
This species occurs off Sao ...
**Family Retusidae
*Superfamily Runcinoidea
**Family Runcinidae
**Family Ilbiidae
Clade Thecosomata
*Superfamily Cavolinioidea
**Family Cavoliniidae
The family Cavoliniidae is a taxonomic group of small floating sea snails, pelagic marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks.Gofas, S. (2011). Cavoliniidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...
**Family Limacinidae
** † Family Sphaerocinidae
Sphaerocinidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, sea butterflies, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are kn ...
*Superfamily Cymbulioidea
Cymbulioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of pelagic "sea butterflies", one group of swimming sea snails. They are holoplanktonic opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the clade Thecosomata.
Anatomy
Some groups within this superfamily possess ...
**Family Cymbuliidae
Cymbuliidae is a family of pelagic sea snails or "sea butterflies", marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cymbulioidea.
Description
Instead of an external calcareous shell, they possess a pseudoconch, consisting of conchioline, a cart ...
**Family Desmopteridae
Desmopteridae is a family of pelagic sea snails or "sea butterflies", marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cymbulioidea.
This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
'' Desmopt ...
**Family Peraclidae
Peraclidae is a family of pelagic sea snails or "sea butterflies", marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cymbulioidea.
This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This fami ...
Clade Gymnosomata
*Superfamily Clionoidea
**Family Clionidae
**Family Cliopsidae
**Family Notobranchaeidae
**Family Pneumodermatidae
The Pneumodermatidae are a family of sea angels, or small floating predatory sea snails or sea slugs. They are pelagic marine heterobranch opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Gymnosomata.
These small pelagic snails lack shells (excep ...
*Superfamily Hydromyloidea
**Family Hydromylidae
**Family Laginiopsidae
Clade
Aplysiomorpha
The clade Anaspidea, commonly known as sea hares (''Aplysia'' species and related genera), are medium-sized to very large opisthobranch gastropod molluscs with a soft internal shell made of protein. These are marine gastropod molluscs in the s ...
(= Anaspidea
The clade Anaspidea, commonly known as sea hares (''Aplysia'' species and related genera), are medium-sized to very large opisthobranch gastropod molluscs with a soft internal shell made of protein. These are marine gastropod molluscs i ...
)
*Superfamily Aplysioidea
**Family Aplysiidae
Aplysiidae is the only family in the superfamily Aplysioidea, within the clade Anaspidea. These animals are commonly called sea hares because, unlike most sea slugs, they are often quite large, and when they are underwater, their rounded body sh ...
*Superfamily Akeroidea
Akeroidea is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusc, mollusks within the clade Anaspidea.Gofas, S. (2010). Akeroidea. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spe ...
**Family Akeridae
Akeridae is a small taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs belonging to the superfamily Akeroidea, the sea hares. The family, in its original spelling "Aceridae", has previously been attributed in error to Pilsbry, 1893.
Ake ...
Group Acochlidiacea
*Superfamily Acochlidioidea
**Family Acochlidiidae
*Superfamily Hedylopsoidea
Hedylopsoidea was defined as a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, mostly marine gastropod mollusks within the informal group Opisthobranchia according to the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).
Schrödl & Neusser (2010)Schrödl M. & Neusser ...
**Family Hedylopsidae
**Family Ganitidae
**Family Livorniellidae
Parhedylidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parhedyloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.m ...
**Family Minicheviellidae
''Asperspina'' is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Acochlidiacea.
Taxonomy
Asperspinidae has been listed as a synonym of Parhedylidae in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).
Sensu Schrödl & Neusser (2010) ...
**Family Parhedylidae
Parhedylidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parhedyloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.m ...
**Family Tantulidae
*Superfamily Palliohedyloidea
**Family Palliohedylidae
*Superfamily Strubellioidea
According to the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), Strubellioidea was a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, mostly marine gastropod mollusks within the informal group Opisthobranchia.
However, Schrödl & Neusser (2010)Schrödl M. & Neusser ...
**Family Strubelliidae
''Strubellia paradoxa'' is a species of freshwater slug, a shell-less freshwater gastropod,Strong E. E., Gargominy O., Ponder W. F. & Bouchet P. (2008). "Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater". ''Hydrobiologia'' 595 ...
**Family Pseudunelidae
Clade Sacoglossa
Subclade
Oxynoacea
Oxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the superorder Sacoglossa. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Oxynooidea Stoliczka, 1868 (1847). Accessed through: World ...
*Superfamily Oxynooidea
Oxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the superorder Sacoglossa. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Oxynooidea Stoliczka, 1868 (1847). Accessed through: Wor ...
**Family Oxynoidae
Oxynoidae is a family of sea snails, bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea, an opisthobranch group.
This family has no subfamilies.
Genera
The following three genera or four are included in the family Oxyno ...
**Family Juliidae
Juliidae, common name the bivalved gastropods, is a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea, an opisthobranch group. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Juliidae E. A. Smith, 188 ...
**Family Volvatellidae
Volvatellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea
Oxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the super ...
Subclade Placobranchacea
*Superfamily Placobranchoidea
**Family Placobranchidae
Plakobranchidae is a family of sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Plakobranchoidea. They superficially resemble nudibranchs but they are sacoglossans, members of the clade Sacoglossa within the Opisthobranchia.G ...
**Family Boselliidae
**Family Platyhedylidae
Platyhedylidae is a family of sacoglossan sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000&n ...
*Superfamily Limapontioidea
**Family Limapontiidae
**Family Caliphyllidae
**Family Hermaeidae
Group
Cylindrobullida
''Cylindrobulla'' is a genus of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa.
''Cylindrobulla'' is the type genus of the family Cylindrobullidae and it is the only genus in the family.
Taxonomy
The subord ...
*Superfamily Cylindrobulloidea
''Cylindrobulla'' is a genus of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa.
''Cylindrobulla'' is the type genus of the family Cylindrobullidae and it is the only genus in the family.
Taxonomy
The subord ...
**Family Cylindrobullidae
''Cylindrobulla'' is a genus of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa.
''Cylindrobulla'' is the type genus of the family Cylindrobullidae and it is the only genus in the family.
Taxonomy
The suborder ...
Clade Umbraculida
*Superfamily Umbraculoidea
**Family Umbraculidae
Umbraculidae are a taxonomic family of unusual sea snails or limpets, marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the clade Umbraculida.
Distribution
This family has a global distribution in tropical and subtropical seas.
Genera
Genera ...
**Family Tylodinidae
Tylodinidae is a family of sea snails or false limpets, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Umbraculoidea.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
The family Tylodinidae consists of the following subfamilies (according to the taxonom ...
Clade Nudipleura
Subclade
Pleurobranchomorpha
The Pleurobranchidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Pleurobranchomorpha.
Characteristics
Species in the family Pleurobranchidae have a prominent mantle and an internal shell that becomes reduced ...
*Superfamily Pleurobranchoidea
**Family Pleurobranchidae
The Pleurobranchidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Pleurobranchomorpha.
Characteristics
Species in the family Pleurobranchidae have a prominent mantle and an internal shell that becomes re ...
Subclade Nudibranchia
Contains the clades Euctinidiacea and Dexiarchia
*Unassigned to superfamily
**Family Rhodopidae
Rhodopidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Murchisonelloidea.Bouchet, P. (2015). Rhodopidae Ihering, 1876. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespec ...
= Clade Euctenidiacea (= Holohepatica)
=
Contains the subclades Gnathodoridacea and Doridacea
=Subclade Gnathodoridacea
=
*Superfamily Bathydoridoidea
''Bathydorididae'' is a taxonomic family of dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks ...
**Family Bathydorididae
''Bathydorididae'' is a taxonomic family of dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks ...
=Subclade Doridacea
=
*Superfamily Doridoidea
**Family Dorididae
Sea lemon is a loosely applied common name for a group of medium-sized to large shell-less colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, specifically dorid nudibranchs in the taxonomic family Dorididae and other closely related families. These are marine g ...
**Family Actinocyclidae
Actinocyclidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea. This family is within the clade Euctenidiacea.
Taxonomy
Genera within the family Actinocyclidae include:
* ''Actinocyclus'' E ...
**Family Chromodorididae
**Family Discodorididae
*Superfamily Phyllidioidea
**Family Phyllidiidae
Phyllidiidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Phyllidioidea.
This family is within the clade Doridacea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Distributi ...
**Family Dendrodorididae
Dendrodorididae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the Superfamily Phyllidioidea.
Genera
A maximum-parsimony analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 16S mtDNA gene
In biology, th ...
**Family Mandeliidae
*Superfamily Onchidoridoidea
Onchidoridoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs.
Families
Families within the superfamily Onchidoridoidea are as follows:Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015)Onchidoridoidea Gray, 1827.In: MolluscaBa ...
**Family Onchidorididae
Onchidorididae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Onchidoridoidea.Thompson, T. E., & Brown, G.H., 1984Biology of opisthobranch Molluscs.Vol. 2. Ray Society; London. 1-229, p.49
G ...
**Family Corambidae
Corambidae is a family name for sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs.
Genera
Genera in the family Corambidae include:Hallas J.M. & Gosliner T.M. (2015)''Family matters: The first molecular phylogeny of the Onchidorididae Gray, ...
**Family Goniodorididae
Goniodorididae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Opisthobranchia.
Genera
Genera in the family Goniodorididae include:
* '' Ancula'' Lovén, 1846
* ''Goniodoris
''Goniod ...
*Superfamily Polyceroidea (= Phanerobranchiata Non Suctoria)
**Family Polyceridae
The Polyceridae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Polyceroidea.
Taxonomy
The family Polyceridae is classified within the clade Doridacea, itself belonging to the clade Euct ...
**Family Aegiretidae - Aegiretidae is incorrect subsequent spelling of this family in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). Correct is Aegiridae.
**Family Gymnodorididae
The Polyceridae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Polyceroidea.
Taxonomy
The family Polyceridae is classified within the clade Doridacea, itself belonging to the clade Euct ...
**Family Hexabranchidae
Hexabranchidae is a monotypic family of colorful nudibranchs (often called "sea slugs") which contains only a single genus ''Hexabranchus'', with two species, and has no subfamilies.
This family is one of the many families of dorid nudibranchs ...
**Family Okadaiidae
Okadaiidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Polyceroidea. This family is within the clade Euctenidiacea.
This family has no subfamilies.
Genera
* ''Vayssierea'' (Risbec, 1928)
** ''Vays ...
= Clade Dexiarchia (= Actenidiacea)
=
Contains the clades Pseudoeuctenidiacea and Cladobranchia
= Clade
Pseudoeuctenidiacea
Doridoxidae, commonly known as doridoxid nudibranchs, are a small, enigmatic taxonomic family of shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia within the clade Nudibranchia.
Doridoxidae is currently the only family ...
( = Doridoxida) =
*Superfamily Doridoxoidea
Doridoxidae, commonly known as doridoxid nudibranchs, are a small, enigmatic taxonomic family of shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia within the clade Nudibranchia.
Doridoxidae is currently the only fami ...
**Family Doridoxidae
= Clade Cladobranchia ( = Cladohepatica)
=
Contains the subclades Euarminida, Dendronotida and Aeolidida
*Not assigned to a superfamily
**Family Charcotiidae
**Family Dironidae
Dironidae is a family of nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Euthyneura
Euthyneura is a taxonomic infraclass of snails and slugs, which includes species exclusively from marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks ...
**Family Dotidae
**Family Embletoniidae
**Family Goniaeolididae
**Family Heroidae
**Family Madrellidae
**Family Pinufiidae
**Family Proctonotidae
=Subclade Euarminida
=
*Superfamily Arminoidea
**Family Arminidae
**Family Doridomorphidae
=Subclade
Dendronotida
Dendronotoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, aeolid nudibranchs. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.mar ...
=
*Superfamily Tritonioidea
**Family Tritoniidae
Tritoniidae is a taxonomic family of nudibranchs in the suborder Cladobranchia, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs.MolluscaBase (2018)Tritoniidae Lamarck, 1809.Accessed on 2021-01-01 This family includes some of the largest known nudibranchs, ...
**Family Aranucidae
Tritoniidae is a taxonomic family of nudibranchs in the suborder Cladobranchia, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs.MolluscaBase (2018)Tritoniidae Lamarck, 1809.Accessed on 2021-01-01 This family includes some of the largest known nudibranchs, w ...
**Family Bornellidae
**Family Dendronotidae
**Family Hancockiidae
**Family Lomanotidae
**Family Phylliroidae
The Phylliroidae are a family of nudibranch sea snails, highly adapted to a pelagic lifestyle and occurring in tropical surface waters around the globe. The two species of the genus ''Phylliroe'' and ''Cephalopyge trematoides
''Cephalopyge tr ...
**Family Scyllaeidae
Scyllaeidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Dendronotoidea.Bouchet, P. (2012). Scyllaeidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.p ...
**Family Tethydidae
Tethydidae is a family of dendronotid nudibranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tritonioidea.Picton, B.; Bouchet, P. (2017). Tethydidae Rafinesque, 1815. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http ...
=Subclade
Aeolidida
The Aeolidida is a taxonomic clade of sea slugs, specifically aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia.
They are distinguished from other nudibranchs by their possession of cerata containing cnidosacs.
Taxonomy
* ...
=
*Superfamily Flabellinoidea
Fionoidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, aeolid nudibranchs. They are gastropod mollusks within the infraorder Cladobranchia. The families within Fionoidea were shown to be monophyletic on DNA evidence and a re-interpretation of family char ...
( = Pleuroprocta)
**Family Flabellinidae
Flabellinidae is a taxonomic family of brightly coloured sea slugs, specifically nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks.
This family has no subfamilies.
Genera and species
Genera within the family Flabellinidae include:Bouchet, P. (2011)Flabell ...
**Family Notaeolidiidae
*Superfamily Fionoidea
Fionoidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, aeolid nudibranchs. They are gastropod mollusks within the infraorder Cladobranchia. The families within Fionoidea were shown to be monophyletic on DNA evidence and a re-interpretation of family char ...
**Family Fionidae
**Family Calmidae
Calmidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs with only one genus and two species. These are specifically aeolid nudibranchs. They are marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Fionoidea.
This family has no subfamilies.
Taxonomic history
The ...
**Family Eubranchidae
**Family Pseudovermidae
**Family Tergipedidae
Tergipedidae is a family of sea slugs, aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Fionoidea (according to the of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Taxonomic history
The bratos in this family were moved to the fam ...
*Superfamily Aeolidioidea
Aeolidioidea is a superfamily of sea slugs, the aeolid nudibranchs. They are marine gastropod molluscs in the suborder Cladobranchia.
Taxonomy
As of 2019, the superfamily Aeolidioidea consisted of the following families:
* Aeolidiidae Gray, 18 ...
**Family Aeolidiidae
Aeolidiidae, a family of aeolid nudibranchs, are a family of sea slugs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs.Bouchet, P. (2014)''Aeolidiidae'' Gray, 1827.Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2014-10-24
Most, or perhaps all, mem ...
**Family Facelinidae
The Facelinidae are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of colorful sea slugs. These are specifically aeolid nudibranchs. They are marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs.Bouchet, P. (2012). Facelinidae. Accessed through: W ...
**Family Glaucidae
''Glaucus'' is a genus of small blue pelagic sea slugs. They are aeolid nudibranchs,Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2013)''Glaucus'' Forster, 1777.Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2013-07-17 ranging in size from . They feed on colon ...
**Family Piseinotecidae
Piseinotecidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, specifically aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Aeolidioidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). Piseinotecidae Edmunds, 1970. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...
Informal Group
Pulmonata
Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...
Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade Eupulmonata
Informal Group
Basommatophora
Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), w ...
Contains the clade Hygrophila
*Superfamily Amphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According ...
**Family Amphibolidae
Amphibolidae is a family of air-breathing snails with opercula, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.
This family of pulmonate gastropods, for breathe air, but also have opercula and at least some species go through a free-swimming velig ...
*Superfamily Siphonarioidea
Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata.
Distribution
The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to be ...
**Family Siphonariidae
Siphonariidae, also known as false limpets, are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing sea snails, marine and brackish water pulmonate gastropod molluscs.
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Shell description
Empty siphonariid limpet shells can b ...
** † Family Acroreiidae
† Acroreiidae is an extinct family of air-breathing snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Siphonariidae. The living siphonariids are all marine pulmonates, false sea limpets that breathe air.
Taxonomy
The family Acroreiidae ...
= Clade Hygrophila
=
*Superfamily Chilinoidea
Chilinoidea is a family (biology), superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Hygrophila (Gastropoda), Hygrophila.
References
Panpulmonata
{{Pulmonata-stub ...
**Family Chilinidae
''Chilina'' is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Chilinoidea.
''Chilina'' is the only genus in the family Chilinidae.
Distribution
Chilinidae occupies the temperate and c ...
**Family Latiidae
''Latia'' is a genus of very small, air-breathing freshwater snails or limpets, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Chilinoidea.
''Latia'' is the only genus in the family Latiidae.
Species in this genus are the only ...
*Superfamily Acroloxoidea
**Family Acroloxidae
Acroloxidae, commonly known as river limpets, are a taxonomic family of very small, freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod limpet-like mollusks with a simple flattened conical shell in the clade Hygrophila.
Acroloxidae is the only fam ...
*Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
Lymnaeoidea, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic superfamily of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the superorder Hygrophila.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Lymna ...
**Family Lymnaeidae
Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila.
Lymnaeidae is the only family within the superfamily ...
*Superfamily Planorboidea
Planorboidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
All of the gastropods in this superfamily are sinistral in shell coiling.
The monophyly of Planorboidea was confirmed by Albrecht et al. (2 ...
**Family Planorbidae
**Family Physidae
Physidae, common name the bladder snails, is a monophyletic taxonomic family of small air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Lymnaeoidea .MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Physidae Fitzin ...
Clade
Eupulmonata
Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions.
Linnean taxonomy
*Suborder Eupulmonat ...
Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora
*Superfamily Trimusculoidea
''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae.
''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the button sna ...
**Family Trimusculidae
''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae.
''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the button s ...
*Superfamily Otinoidea
Otinoidea is a superfamily of very small, air-breathing sea snails and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known ...
**Family Otinidae
**Family Smeagolidae
''Smeagol'' is a genus of small air-breathing sea slugs of the upper intertidal zone.Marshall, B.; Rosenberg, G. (2016). Smeagol Climo, 1980. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecie ...
*Superfamily Ellobioidea
Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata.Bouchet, P. (2012). Ellobiidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Sp ...
**Family Ellobiidae
= Clade
Systellommatophora
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchi ...
(= Gymnomorpha
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchia. Th ...
) =
*Superfamily Onchidioidea
**Family Onchidiidae
Onchidiidae are a family of small, air-breathing sea (and land) slugs. They are shell-less marine (except for 2 species)preview pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Onchidiidae is the only family within the superfamily Onchidioidea.
These animals are ...
*Superfamily Veronicelloidea
Veronicelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the clade Systellommatophora.
Taxonomy
The following two families were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (20 ...
**Family Veronicellidae
The Veronicellidae, also known by their common name the leatherleaf slugs, are a family of pulmonate terrestrial slugs.
The herbivorous molluscs occur mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas of America, Asia and Africa.
They act as intermed ...
**Family Rathouisiidae
Rathouisiidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Veronicelloidea, the leatherleaf slugs and their allies.
This family has no subfamilies according to the ''Taxonomy of ...
= Clade
Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification ...
=
Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra
= Subclade Elasmognatha
=
*Superfamily Succineoidea
Succineoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineoidea Beck, 1837. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...
**Family Succineidae
Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slugs), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Succineoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineidae Beck, 1837. Accessed thr ...
*Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family (biology), family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Ma ...
**Family Athoracophoridae
= Subclade
Orthurethra
Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subcla ...
=
*Superfamily Partuloidea
**Family Partulidae
**Family Draparnaudiidae
*Superfamily Achatinelloidea
**Family Achatinellidae
*Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
**Family Cochlicopidae
**Family Amastridae
*Superfamily Pupilloidea
**Family Pupillidae
**Family Argnidae
**Family Chondrinidae
** † Family Cylindrellinidae
**Family Lauriidae
**Family Orculidae
**Family Pleurodiscidae
**Family Pyramidulidae
**Family Spelaeoconchidae
**Family Spelaeodiscidae
**Family Strobilopsidae
**Family Valloniidae
**Family Vertiginidae
*Superfamily Enoidea
**Family Enidae
**Family Cerastidae
= Informal Group
Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs.
The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a ...
=
*Superfamily Clausilioidea
**Family Clausiliidae
** † Family Anadromidae
** † Family Filholiidae
** † Family Palaeostoidae
*Superfamily Orthalicoidea
**Family Orthalicidae
**Family Cerionidae
**Family Coelociontidae
** † Family Grangerellidae
**Family Megaspiridae
**Family Placostylidae
**Family Urocoptidae
*Superfamily Achatinoidea
**Family Achatinidae
**Family Ferussaciidae
**Family Micractaeonidae
**Family Subulinidae
*Superfamily Aillyoidea
**Family Aillyidae
*Superfamily Testacelloidea
**Family Testacellidae
**Family Oleacinidae
**Family Spiraxidae
*Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
**Family Papillodermatidae
*Superfamily Streptaxoidea
**Family Streptaxidae
*Superfamily Rhytidoidea
**Family Rhytididae
**Family Chlamydephoridae
**Family Haplotrematidae
**Family Scolodontidae
*Superfamily Acavoidea
**Family Acavidae
**Family Caryodidae
**Family Dorcasiidae
**Family Macrocyclidae
**Family Megomphicidae
**Family Strophocheilidae
*Superfamily Plectopyloidea
**Family Plectopylidae
**Family Corillidae
**Family Sculptariidae
*Superfamily Punctoidea
**Family Punctidae
** † Family Anastomopsidae
**Family Charopidae
**Family Cystopeltidae
**Family Discidae
**Family Endodontidae
**Family Helicodiscidae
**Family Oreohelicidae
**Family Thyrophorellidae
*Superfamily Sagdoidea
**Family Sagdidae
= limacoid clade
=
*Superfamily Staffordioidea
**Family Staffordiidae
*Superfamily Dyakioidea
**Family Dyakiidae
*Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
**Family Gastrodontidae
**Family Chronidae
**Family Euconulidae
**Family Oxychilidae
**Family Pristilomatidae
**Family Trochomorphidae
**Fossil taxa that probably belong to the superfamily Gastrodontoidea:
***Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
***Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
***Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
*Superfamily Parmacelloidea
**Family Parmacellidae
**Family Milacidae
**Family Trigonochlamydidae
*Superfamily Zonitoidea
**Family Zonitidae
*Superfamily Helicarionoidea
**Family Helicarionidae
**Family Ariophantidae
**Family Urocyclidae
*Superfamily Limacoidea
**Family Limacidae
**Family Agriolimacidae
**Family Boettgerillidae
**Family Vitrinidae
=Informal group Sigmurethra continued
=
Two other superfamilies are part of the clade Sigmurethra, but they are ''not'' in the limacoid clade:
*Superfamily Arionoidea
**Family Arionidae
**Family Anadenidae
**Family Ariolimacidae
**Family Binneyidae
**Family Oopeltidae
**Family Philomycidae
*Superfamily Helicoidea
**Family Helicidae
**Family Bradybaenidae
**Family Camaenidae
**Family Cepolidae (gastropods), Cepolidae
**Family Cochlicellidae
**Family Elonidae
**Family Epiphragmophoridae
**Family Halolimnohelicidae
**Family Helicodontidae
**Family Helminthoglyptidae
**Family Humboldtianidae
**Family Hygromiidae
**Family Monadeniidae
**Family Pleurodontidae
**Family Polygyridae
**Family Sphincterochilidae
**Family Thysanophoridae
**Family Trissexodontidae
**Family Xanthonychidae
See also
* Changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005
References
*
External links
Full text of ''Malacologia'' vol. 47 (1-2)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet and Rocroi, 2005)
Gastropod taxonomy
Systems of animal taxonomy
Malacological literature